But there is evil in the world.
The first kind involves evil thought, or having an evil heart (mucima mubi).
These two types of evil can work together, eg human evil can make natural evil worse.
What is the relationship between evil action and evil character?
According to dispositional accounts, evil persons need never have evil-making properties.
Proportionality is about weighing the evil inflicted against the evil averted (Lee 2012).
Action-based accounts contend that evil-making properties are certain sorts of actions—evil actions.
These two types of evil can work together, eg human evil can make natural evil worse.
Evil-revivalists respond that the concept of evil need not make reference to supernatural spirits, dark forces, or monsters.
According to action-based accounts, evil persons perform evil actions often enough, or are disposed to perform evil actions.
While most theorists writing about evil focus on evil action and evil character, there has also been some discussion of evil institutions.
Nonresistance to evil, the doctrine that inspired Gandhi, meant not that evil must be accepted but only that it cannot be fought with evil means, especially violence.
A fourth reason not to abandon the concept of evil is that by categorizing actions and practices as evil we are better able to set limits to legitimate responses to evil.
The Neoplatonist theory of evil provides a solution to the problem of evil because if evil is a privation of substance, form, and goodness, then God creates no evil.
According to the fixity thesis, evil persons have particularly fixed, or durable, characters such that it is very difficult to go from evil to non-evil, and changes of this sort rarely occur.
The history of theories of evil began with attempts to solve the problem of evil, i.e., attempts to reconcile the existence of evil (in the broad sense) with an all-powerful, all-knowing, all-good God or creator.
Critics argue that the problem with action-based accounts is that it seems sufficient for evil personhood to have evil feelings or motivations, and thus, evil persons need not perform, or be disposed to perform, evil actions.
For example, we can argue that failed attempts seem evil because attempting to perform an evil action is an indication that the agent performing the action has an evil character and not because the action itself is evil (See Calder 2015a, 121).
For example, Luke Russell argues that both evil actions and evil feelings are evil making properties (Russell 2014, 292), while Daniel Haybron argues that evil feelings and evil motivations are evil-making properties (Haybron 2002b, 269).
However, while Card’s account of evil institutions correctly identifies genocide and other paradigmatically evil institutions as evil, her account also classifies as evil some institutions which are less obviously evil such as capital punishment, marriage, and motherhood (Card 2002, 2010).
evil
noun act
- morally objectionable behavior
adj all
- morally bad or wrong
Example: evil purposes
adj all
- having the nature of vice
adj all
- having or exerting a malignant influence
noun attribute
- that which causes harm or destruction or misfortune
Example: the evil that men do lives after them; the good is oft interred with their bones
noun attribute
- the quality of being morally wrong in principle or practice
Example: attempts to explain the origin of evil in the world
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