Lichens are well known as dye sources.
In areas with larger, bushier lichens, the air pollution is lower.
Lichens without soredia may propagate by fragmentation of their thalli.
In the past these lichens have been used for food by starving explorers.
Caribou and reindeer depend on lichens for two-thirds of their food supply.
Squamulose lichens are small and leafy with loose attachments to the substrate.
Some lichens have solved or bypassed the problem of re-forming the association.
Squamulose lichens are small and leafy with loose attachments to the substrate.
Squamulose lichens are small and leafy with loose attachments to the substrate.
Maximum photosynthesis in lichens takes place at temperatures of 15–20 °C (59–68 °F).
The metabolic activity of lichens is greatly influenced by the water content of the thallus.
Lichens can be found growing on bark, rocks, or walls; in woodlands, deserts, or even tundra.
Lichens grow on almost any type of surface and can be found in almost all areas of the world.
In these undisturbed oasis’ of tranquillity slow-growing lichens have flourished for centuries free from disturbance.
Some crustose lichens grow beneath the surface of bark or rock so that only their fruiting structures penetrate the surface.
Lichens are also generally well distributed on tree trunks and especially in the canopy of older conifers throughout the taiga.
Lichens were once classified as single organisms—until the advent of microscopy, when the association of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria became evident.
There you might well find Barnacle lichens, Elf ears, Parchment lichens and Kidney lichens that have benefitted from clean air and sensitive woodland management.
…and three subdivisions are recognized: Arctic tundra, with much bare ground and extensive areas of mosses and lichens; shrubby tundra, with mosses, lichens, herbaceous plants, dwarf Arctic birch, and shrub willow; and wooded tundra, with more extensive areas of stunted birch, larch, and spruce.
Biological soil crusts can be classified into four categories based on crust morphology: (1) flat, which occur in areas where freezing is rare and cyanobacteria dominate, (2) rugose, which occur in areas where freezing is rare and lichens or mosses dominate, (3) pinnacled, which are found in areas where freezing and frost heaving are common and cyanobacteria dominate, and (4) rolling, which prefer areas where freezing and frost heaving are common but lichens or mosses dominate.
lichens
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Biological soil crusts can be classified into four categories based on crust morphology 1 flat which occur in areas where freezing is rare and cyanobacteria dominate 2 rugose which occur in areas where freezing is rare and lichens or mosses dominate 3 pinnacled which are found in areas where freezing and frost heaving are common and cyanobacteria dominate and 4 rolling which prefer areas where freezing and frost heaving are common but lichens or mosses dominate